"Pseudo Middle Chinese" ("PMC") refers to the practice of taking the modern spoken Chinese language and reintroducing older linguistic elements which were lost,
so as to recover something like a snapshot of those older pronunciations, which were adopted into Japanese, Korean, &c.
The two-fold goal of a PMC system is as follows: to manifest the ancient pronunciations of the kanji (so as to exhibit a better study of the ancient Root Words),
but without detracting at all from the modern pronunciations (which is the immediately practical information).
"Japanese-Mandarin Pinyin" ("JMP") is a kind of PMC — It is a system of Japanese romanization which also perfectly encodes Mandarin Chinese.
The secondary markings (punctuations and "accent-marks") enable you to "code-switch" at any time and read the Mandarin Chinese pronunciations instead.
Example: 經
The Japanese reading of 經 is "kyou" (historically "kyeu"), while the Mandarin reading, in official Hanyu Pinyin, is "jing" (which is "qing"/"king", but deflated)…
The JMP for 經 is "qieũ" (or qieỹ), and with this, we pull the veil of separation back a bit, because Hanyu Pinyin (e.g. "jing") uses some peculiar shortcuts:
what is written "-ing" in Pinyin sounds somewhat closer to "i-eng", and Mandarin's "-ng" sound is more nasal than the "-ng" of English.
The spelling "qieũ" more clearly shows that "kyō/kei" and "qing/jing" are in fact the same word, not different in any appreciable way.
Special Note: Never read "i" as the sound "eye"! Such a reading is only heard of in English. Thank you.
The List of 4400 Kanji
Brief Guide to Japanese reading:
- Q/X/H => K row, Ç/Ʒ => S/Z row, Ph/F/V => "H/F" row, and L => "R" row
- J/Y => i, eu/au/ou => ou (long o), and -jeu/jau/jou => -you…
otherwise, ignore most i/j/y before e, and most u/w before another vowel - Endings -x => -ku (or -ki after e), -z => -tsu (-zj => -chi), -v => u, -w => uu
Sample (Book of Revelation)
Notes on Japanese sound morphing:
Ch, Ts | Japanese does not have a true "Ch" or "Ts" sound. Ti/Tyi/Tji becomes Japanese "tji" ("chi"), and Tu becomes the "tzu" ("tsu"). (There is no other way to achieve the Japanese "ch" and "ts"; Chinese Ch and Ts always resolve to Japanese "sh" and "s") |
Sh | Japanese does have a true "Sh", though it can only be written using the "si" character. (Chinese Sha/Shi/Shu/Sho does become Japanese "sja/sji/sju/sjo"; but She becomes "se", because Japanese does not have "sje") |
"X" | The Mandarin Chinese sound written as "X" (or sometimes written "Hs") represents a merger: all the former "Hi-" and former "Si-" instances |
"Q", "J" | The Mandarin Chinese sound written "Q" is a merger of all old "Ki-" and "Tsi-" ("Ci-"). The sound written "J" merges all "Gi-" and "Dzi-" ("Zi-") |
"Ch", "Zh" | Ch and Zh are the true "ch" and "[d]j" of Chinese, but they are moved further back in mouth (retroflex), in order to distinguish them from the "Q" (Ki/tsi) and "J" (Gi/dzi) sounds, noted above, which occur far forward (palatal). |
"Z", "Zh", "J" | These are non-aspirated "C","Ch","Q" ("ts","tsh","ki/tsi"). Note "s"/"sh"/"x" do not have non-aspirated versions. Though evidently, de-aspirating "s"/"sh"/"x" ALSO generates (and merges with) "z"/"zh"/"j", yet the result still is affricative (i.e. with the leading t/d sound). |
Little Chart of All Sino-Japanese Sounds
To get the best use of JMP, one should have an idea of what Japanese sounds there are for JMP words to possibly resolve to.
Below is the chart of all "possible" Sino-Japanese syllables. (As for any others beyond these ~217, they are exceptionally rare.)
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S/Z |
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T/D |
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N |
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F/B |
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M |
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L |
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W |
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Big Chart of 4400 Kanji by Primary Sino-Japanese Sound
KEY to each line:
(JP) PMC1 Kanjis&Mandarin | |
PMC2 Kanjis&Mandarin |
A | I | U | E | O | |
(a) a 啊a á 鴉亞啞ya (a/ai) ằ 洼娃哇wa (a/o) a 阿a (a/wa) ằ 蛙wa |
(i) 'ĭ 彙hui i 椅醫異夷已伊移以貽矣yi ĭ 位韋葦違偉緯圍爲胃謂畏慰委萎帷維wei ĭ' 威wei ɨ 意yi (i/dai) ĭ 餵wei (i/djō) ĭ 尉wei (i/e) í 衣依yi (i/ki) i 巸倚yi ĭ 喂wei (i/shi) i 飴yi (i/sui) 'ĭ 荽sui (i/ta) i 衪yi (i/yui) ĭ 惟wei 遺yi |
(u) ú 芋宇迂盂雨羽yu (u/ko) ů 胡hu (u/ku) ú 于yu (u/o) u 烏嗚wu (u/yū) ú 右you |
(o) o 汙wu (o/yo) ó 於淤yu |
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+i | (ai) ai 哀愛曖埃挨靄ai (ai/e) 'ăi 穢hui (ai/gai) ai 噯ai (ai/kai) ái 鞋xie (ai/yak) ái 隘ai |
(ē) 'ē 睿叡鋭rui ễ 永泳詠yong ē 裔殹翳yi 'ei 曳zhuai ẽi 贏英瑛映影營塋嬰穎ying (ē/e) ĕi 衛wei (ē/sez) 'ē 洩xie (ē/yō) jẽ 榮rong yẽ 瓔ying |
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+u | (ō) ô 凹ao ỗ 央秧yang 鶯ying õ 翁甕weng ōh 奥襖懊ao ốv 押鴨ya wỗ 王往枉汪wang ẉỗ 横heng ẉō 鷗歐ou (ō/ik) ōh 澳ao (ō/kjō) wỗ 旺wang (ō/kō) ẉỗ 橫heng (ō/ku) ẉō 毆嘔ou (ō/u) ẉō 謳ou (ō/yō) ô 拗ao ỗ 殃yang 應ying |
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+k | (ak) åk 渥握wo (ak/o) ak 惡e |
(iki) ĭki 域yu (ik) ik 育yu |
(eki) eki 液ye éki 驛yi ėqi 蜴yi (eki/i) ėqi 易yi (eki/seki) eki 腋yi (eki/yak) eki 亦yi éki 疫益yi |
(ok) ok 屋wu øk 億憶yi (ok/yok) øk 臆yi |
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+n | (an) am 暗菴庵an an 安鞍案按an án 晏yan (an/on) am 鵪闇an |
(in) im 淫侌陰yin in 因茵姻寅引尹印yin 允yun ɨn 匀yun yin 員yuan 韻yun yĭn 院yuan (in/an) in 殷yin (in/en) in 咽yan yin 隕yun (in/ō) ? 鸚ying (in/on) im 蔭yin i̊n 隱yin ɨm 飲yin (in/yu) im 冘yin |
(un) ún 云雲暈運yun | (en) 'yĕn 捐juan 肙yuan em 俺an 奄掩淹饜炎yan ém 鹽閻焰yan en 鉛qian 焉沿延筵燕演煙艷豔宴匽堰yan ĕn 宛婉wan yĕn 猿園圓垣爰援媛緣冤yuan (en/an) em 醃閹yan (en/kak) yĕn 淵yuan (en/ō) em 猒yan (en/on) em 厭yan en 蝘yan yĕn 袁遠薗yuan ye̊n 苑怨yuan (en/tan) ém 檐yan |
(on) on 恩en 昷温瘟wen ŏn 穩wen (on/in) øm 音yin |
+t | (az) áz 軋ya ăz 挖wa (az/en) ápz 壓ya (az/kan) ăz 斡wo |
(izi/iz) izi 一壹yi ĭzi 聿yu (iz) iz 溢逸yi (iz/ez) íz 噎ye (iz/izi) ɨz 矞yu |
(uz) úz 鬱yu | (ez) ez 謁ye ĕz 閲悦yue wêz 曰yue (ez/djū) ĕz 戉yue (ez/oz) ĕz 越yue |
(oz/iz) øz 乙yi |
YA | YU | YO | |||
(ya) ya 爺椰揶夜冶ye (ya/dja) yá 耶ye (ya/e) yá 也ye (ya/sjo) ya 野ye |
(yu) yu 愈癒喻諭愉榆逾yu (yu/sju) 'yu 輸shu (yu/yak) yú 籲xu (yu/yo) yu 臾yu (yu/yō) yu 踰yu (yu/yū) yu 由油柚you |
(yo) yo 預舁與譽余餘yu (yo/o) yo 瘀yu (yo/sja) yo 予豫yu |
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+i | (yui/i) yui 唯wei | ||||
+u | (yū) yũ 融rong yṹ 雄熊xiong 勇yong yū 丣憂宥囿尤酉釉又友郵誘幽攸悠you 裕yu yw 邑yi (yū/u) yū 優有侑祐佑you (yū/yō) yṹ 湧yong (yū/yu) yū 遊楢猶鼬you |
(yō) 'yô 舀yao 'yố 曜耀yao yỗ 昜楊揚陽瘍羊洋佯痒癢yang 櫻ying 庸用甬踴擁yong yö 遥瑶謡摇窰颻鷂窯邀要腰銚妖幺yao yõ 容溶熔鎔蓉rong yō 幼you yöh 孕yun yøũ 蠅ying yơv 葉xie 枼ye (yō/kjō) yö 鴞xiao (yō/ljō) yỗ 養yang (yō/o) yöh 飫yu (yō/ō) yỗ 鷹ying yö 夭yao (yō/sjō) 'yỗ 樣yang (yō/tjō) yỗ 傭yong (yō/tō) tŏũ 桶tong (yō/yo) yō 斿you (yō/yok) jơh 沃wo (yō/yu) yỗ 雍yong (yō/yū) yō 揄yu |
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+k | (yak) yac 藥yao yak 厄e 約yue yák 鑰yao 譯yi 龠yue yắk 躍yue (yak/ak) yak 軛e (yak/eki) yák 役yi |
(yok) yøc 翼抑yi yok 弋yi yøk 翌yi 浴欲慾yu |
KA | KI | KU | KE | KO | |
(ka) cá 卡qia ka 歌戈ge 咖ka 苛珂柯課顆科ke ká 稼嫁佳加珈跏枷嘉架jia 茄qie kă 蝸寡gua 鍋過果菓guo kha 呵訶河何荷禾he khá 榎jia 瑕暇xia khă 禍火伙huo khắ 靴xue khằ 樺hua 踝huai 貨huo ƙà 訛e ƙă 渦wo (ka/ga) ká 駕jia khá 夏xia (ka/ge) khá (ka/kan) ka 棵ke (ka/ke) ka 冎gua ká 家價迦叚假jia kă 瓜gua khằ 華嘩化花hua (ka/ko) ka 哥箇ge (ka/kok) ka 可ke (ka/kū) kắ 瘸que (ka/wa) khă 夥huo ƙă 窩wo (ga) g̣a 賀he ǥa 峨俄餓e ǥá 芽雅ya ǥă 瓦wa 臥我wo (ga/ge) ǥá 牙訝ya (ga/gjo) ǥá 衙ya (ga/ka) ǥá 呀ya (ga/kak) g̣ăh 畫hua |
(ki) khi 熙喜嬉禧xi khĭ 諱暉輝揮徽毀燬hui ki 肌飢机姬寄几基箕幾機磯譏饑畿既季悸ji 棄器奇埼崎騎綺棋麒旗祈企qi kí 汽qi kĭ 規槻貴櫃軌晷鬼癸歸詭跪gui 窺匱奎愧餽虧葵揆kui kɨ 忌紀記ji 起qi ƙĭ 危wei (ki/gi) ki 岐其qi ƙi 毅yi (ki/go) ki 丌期ji (ki/i) khi 嘻xi (ki/ke) khi 希稀xi ki 旡ji 祁qi kí 气氣qi (ki/kjū) kĭ 龜gui (ki/shi) c̣'i 枳zhi ki 耆qi (gi) gi 技ji 欺qi ǥi 豙宜誼義議儀蟻yi ǥĭ 魏wei ɠɨ 擬ni 疑yi (gi/ga) ǥî 蛾e (gi/ge) g̣í 戲xi (gi/ka) ǥĭ 僞wei (gi/ki) gi 伎妓ji 祇zhi g̣i 羲犧xi |
(ku) ku 懼俱矩句駒ju 驅軀嶇瞿劬qu ků 苦ku (ku/kō) kůh 狗gou (ku/ō) ku 區qu (gu) gu 具ju ǥú 俁虞yu ǥuh 愚yu (gu/gū) ǥuh 禺yu |
(ke/ka) kê 袈jia (ke/kai) kê 懈xie (ge/kez) ge' 偈jie |
(ko) kho 壺湖蝴餬鬍虎琥狐弧呼戶hu khòf 箍gu ko 股鼓古估姑沽故鴣辜固錮孤菰雇顧gu 虍hu 枯ku kŏ 褲ku 誇kua (ko/go) kho 糊瑚鶘hu (ko/ka) kó 賈jia kò 個ge kŏ 夸跨kua (ko/kak) khòr 涸he (ko/ki) kø 己ji (ko/kjo) kó 炬ju (ko/ku) ko 袴ku kŏ 庫ku (ko/o) kho 乎hu (go) gø 碁qi g̣o 互護hu ǥo 吳誤五伍吾梧悟午忤wu ǥó 娛yu ǥŏ 齬語yu (go/ko) g̣o 冴醐hu (go/kō) g̣oh 後hou |
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+i | (kai) k? 乖guai kai 改gai 开開愷kai kái 屆介疥界堺皆階jie 楷kai 蟹xie kăì 瑰gui 魁kui kåi 拐guai 快筷kuai 盔kui khai 海hai khái 戒誡jie 械諧xie khåi 灰悔晦誨hui khåì 檜gui (kai/e) khăi 褱懷壞huai khåì 回廻迴會繪hui 潰kui (kai/gai) kai 鎧kai 咳ke 豈qi (kai/ge) kái 解jie (kai/gē) ƙái 艾ai (kai/ke) kaì 咼guo kái 芥jie kăì 卦gua 塊kuai kåi 怪guai 凷kuai khåi 恢hui (kai/kē) kăì 掛gua kắi 鮭gui (kai/kez) kåi 夬guai (kai/ki) khai 唉ai (kai/kuwai) khåì 徊huai (gai) gai 該概gai 慨kai g̣ai 劾he g̣aì 害hai ǥái 哎ai ǥåì 睚ai 涯ya (gai/ge) ǥai 礙ai ǥăì 外wai ǥåì 厓崖ya (gai/kai) gai 蓋溉gai 凱kai gái 街jie g̣ai 亥骸孩駭hai ǥái 乂刈yi (gai/ki) ǥåi 桅wei (gai/sai) ǧåi 崔cui |
(kē) kē 計鷄繼稽ji 憩启啟qi 繫xi kē' 契qi kei 彑ji kĕi 珪桂gui 畦qi kẽi 荊景憬痙徑脛頸勁警jing 慶磬輕傾qing khē 兮奚蹊溪系係xi 攜xie khĕi 巂xi khẽi 刑型xing ƙẽi 螢ying (kē/e) khei 慧hui khĕi 惠hui (kē/gjō) khyẽ 形xing kyễ 迥jiong ƙyẽ 熒ying (kē/kai) kĕi 褂gua (kē/kaz) khē' 禊xi (kē/ke) kĕi 圭閨gui (kē/kez) kē' 揭jie (kē/kiz) kē 髻ji (kē/kjō) kei 冏jiong khyẽ 馨xin 兄xiong kyẽ 巠莖經敬jing 殸頃卿qing (kē/sjō) kyẽ 儆jing (gē) gẽi 鯨jing ǥẽi 迎ying ɠē 睨ni (gē/kē) ǥē 詣yi (gē/sē) ǥē 埶yi (gē/un) ǥē 藝yi |
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+u | (kū) kũ 空kong (gū) ǥūh 偶ou 隅遇yu (gū/gu) ǥūh 寓yu |
(kō) khô 昊號皓浩hao khố 酵jiao 效哮xiao khỗ 骯ang 航杭桁hang 衡heng 項巷向xiang khõ 恆heng 虹宏紘薨hong 厷si khō 厚侯候猴喉hou khỡ 洪哄hong 幸xing khōh 薅hao khôv 蛤ha 盍盒he khốv 匣xia khwỗ 荒慌謊磺蟥煌惶蝗恍晃滉幌huang kô 高藁膏稿縞槁羔糕睾皐誥gao 丂尻考烤靠kao kố 交鮫郊絞jiao 巧qiao kỗ 港岡鋼綱崗gang 江jiang 亢抗康糠kang 坑keng 腔qiang kõ 杠缸gang 庚耕更geng 攻gong 扛kang 肯ken 控kong kō 冓構購溝搆gou 講jiang 叩kou kốh 敲qiao kōh 拘ju 扣kou kôv 鴿ge kốv 岬jia kwỗ 廣光胱洸guang 鑛曠壙礦kuang ᶄôv 閘zha ƙô 好hao ƙö 肴yao ƙỡ 硬ying (kō/bō) khô 昴mao (kō/gjō) khjỗ 行xing ƙö 爻yao (kō/go) khōh 后hou kỗ 降jiang 夅xiang (kō/gō) khô 壕hao khõ 鴻hong kơv 劫jie ƙỗ 昂ang ƙơv 嚙nie (kō/gu) khõ 弘hong khỡ 鬨hong (kō/kan) khwỗ 亘gen kỗ 羹geng kõ 亙gen kốv 甲jia (kō/kat') kôv 恰qia (kō/ken) khōh 訇hong (kō/kjō) khố 校孝xiao khõ 亨哼heng khỡ 烘hong 香xiang 興xing kô 搞gao kố 狡跤膠窖jiao kõ 梗geng kốu 掐qia (kō/ku) khõ 紅hong khō 吼hou kõ 工貢功公gong 孔kong kōh 垢苟鉤勾gou 口kou (kō/ō) khwỗ 黄皇凰huang (kō/sō) cô 糟zao (kō/yō) ḵô 咬yao (gō) gỗ 剛gang g̣ô 豪hao 拷kao ǥô 敖傲熬ao (gō/fa) g̣ôv 哈ha (gō/gat') g̣ôv 合he (gō/kjō) ǥỗ 卬ang (gō/kō) g̣ô 濠毫hao g̣õ 轟hong (gō/shi) ǧö 鷙zhi |
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+k | (kak) kác 角jiao 覺jue kak 革各閣擱隔ge 喀ke kăk 郭摑guo 廓kuo khăc 劃hua khak 核赫鶴he 嚇xia khăk 穫獲huo (kak/gjak) kak 胳ge (kak/kō) kác 較攪jiao 塙qiao 確que kak 格ge kăk 擴kuo (kak/kok) kak 殼ke (kak/leki) kak 鬲li (gak) g̣ák 學xue ǥak 咢顎鰐愕萼諤鱷額e ǥák 嶽yue (gak/kak) ǥak 噩e (gak/lak) rak 樂le |
(kik) kɨk 菊ju 麴qu (kik/kjū) kɨk 鞠ju (kik/kok) kɨk 匊掬ju |
(keki/djak) kĕki 翟di (keki/kjak) k? 丮ji (keki/kjuk) keki 毄ji (geki) geki 戟激擊ji g̣eki 劇ju (geki/gjak) ɠéki 屰ni (geki/kjak) g̣éki 隙xi |
(kok) khok 黑he kok 告gao 谷穀轂gu 刻克ke 哭酷ku kŏk 國guo (kok/kak) khòk 隺he (kok/kō) khok 鵠hu (gok) ǥók 獄yu |
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+n | (kan) kam 敢橄甘感gan 瞰勘kan kám 監艦鑒檻jian 嵌qian kăm 款kuan kan 干竿肝杆趕桿倝幹榦gan 刊栞侃看坎kan kán 諫jian kăn 冠莞雚罐灌觀鸛官棺管館關貫慣guan 寬kuan kham 函涵憾撼han khám 緘jian 陷xian khan 罕汗旱悍寒翰韓暵漢han khán 啣閑癇xian khăn 宦還環歡患桓緩奐換喚huan 睘qiong 完wan (kan/dai) khám 鹹xian (kan/gan) kan 龕kan khan 銲han (kan/gen) khám 咸臽xian (kan/ken) kan 乾gan 丱guan 姦jian kán 菅艱間澗簡柬揀jian 臤qian kắn 卷juan 勸quan khán 萈xian khăn 串chuan (kan/kon) kam 砍kan (kan/tan) kam 堪kan (kan/yak) kham 喊han (gan) g̣am 含han ǥam 巖yan ǥám 癌yan ǥan 岸an ǥán 顔雁贋yan 願yuan ǥăn 頑玩丸wan (gan/gen) g̣ån 狠hen ǥán 眼yan (gan/kan) g̣am 頷han |
(kin) khin 忻xin kim 禁襟jin kin 緊堇饉謹瑾覲斤jin 芹qin kĩn 窘jiong kɨm 錦jin 禽擒qin kɨn 筋jin 菌均jun (kin/fuk) kin 巾jin (kin/gon) khɨn 欣xin kin 僅jin kɨm 檎qin kɨn 勤qin (kin/ken) khɨn 掀xian (kin/kjō) kɨm 矜jin (kin/kon) kɨm 金衿jin 欽qin kɨn 近jin 囷jun (gin) ǥin 銀yin ǥɨm 吟yin (gin/gon) ǧin 乑zhong ǥɨn 斦yin (gin/kin) gɨm 琴qin (gin/kon) ǥin 齦yin |
(kun) khún 熏薰勳xun khůn 葷hun kún 君jun 裙qun (kun/kin) khún 訓xun (gun) gún 軍郡jun 群qun |
(ken) kem 兼瞼檢儉劍jian 謙qian ken 堅樫鰹鍵健繭見肩件jian 牽遣虔愆qian 鑓qiang kĕn 眷捲倦juan 犬券圈quan khem 險xian khen 賢憲県縣顯xian khĕn 軒絢喧萱諠xuan kyĕn 絹juan ƙen 妍研yan (ken/bai) ? 狽bei (ken/gan) khe̊n 鬳juan (ken/gen) kĕn 拳quan khem 嫌xian 驗yan ƙen 硯yan (ken/gon) kĕn 權quan (ken/kan) kem 鹼jian 歉qian kém 鉗qian (ken/ke) khĕn 懸xuan (ken/kin) ken 腱jian (ken/kon) ken 建jian khen 杴xian khe̊n 獻xian (gen) gem 減jian gen 广guang gĕn 呟quan g̣en 舷弦現限xian g̣ĕn 幻huan 玄xuan ǥen 彦諺yan ǥĕn 原源yuan (gen/gan) ǥén 芫yan 元yuan (gen/gon) ǥe̊m 嚴yan ǥe̊n 言yan (gen/kan) g̣ĕn 眩xuan |
(kon) khon 痕恨hen 魂渾昏婚hun khŏn 混hun kòm 紺gan kon 根跟gen 衮滚gun 墾懇ken 困褌kun kŏn 棍gun 昆kun køn 捆kun (kon/kan) kòm 柑gan (kon/ken) kon 豤ken (kon/kin) køm 今jin (kon/kō) khon 很hen (gon) ǥon 艮gen |
+t | (kaz) kaz 割ge kăz 筈括颳gua 戛jia khaz 曷褐喝he kház 瞎轄xia 蠍xie khăz 猾hua 豁活huo 闊kuo (kaz/kazi) kaz 葛ge (kaz/kez) káz 拮jie (kaz/kezi) káz 秸jie (kaz/koz) khăz 滑hua (gaz/gazi) g̣ăz 歹dai |
(kizi/kiz) kizi 吉ji (kiz) kiz 迄qi kɨz 橘ju ᶄiz 喫chi ƙiz 屹yi (kiz/kez) kiz 桔jie (kiz/kizi) kiz 詰jie |
(kuz) kuz 堀ku kúz 掘倔jue 屈qu (kuz/koz) kuz 窟ku |
(kez) kez 潔桀傑竭jie kĕz 蕨決抉訣jue khez 血xie khĕz 穴xue ƙez 頁ye (kez/kai) khez 歇xie (kez/kazi) kĕz 橛jue (kez/ken) kedz 欠qian kĕz 缺que (kez/kezi) kez 結jie 絜xie (kez/kuz) kĕz 厥jue (kez/sez) khez 楔xie (gez) gez 臬nie ɠez 孽nie (gez/gaz) ǥêz 月yue |
(koz) khoz 笏忽惚hu koz 骨gu (koz/kiz) køz 乞qi (koz/kozi) khoz 囫hu (koz/kuz) koj 圣sheng |
KYA | KYU | KYO | |||
(kjo) khyo 許墟xu kyo 据巨距擧欅ju 渠qu (kjo/go) khyór 豦qu kyo 拒ju (kjo/ko) khyo 虚嘘xu kyo 居裾鋸據ju 去qu (gjo) ǥyo 魚yu (gjo/go) ǥo 御yu (gjo/ljō) ǥyo 漁yu |
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+u | (kjū) khyū 朽休嗅xiu khyw 扱吸xi kjiw 給gei kjṹ 弓gong kyū 救厩舅舊丩糾赳鬮jiu 球丘邱qiu kyw 及笈汲級急ji 泣qi (kjū/gu) kjū? 仇chou kyū 臼柩匛jiu 求qiu (kjū/gū) kjṹ 宮gong (kjū/kjō) kjṹ 躬gong kyṹ 穹窮qiong (kjū/kō) kyū 咎jiu (kjū/ku) cyū 嘼xu kyū 九究鳩韭韮久灸玖jiu (gjū) ɠyū 牛niu (gjū/gō) gyw 圾ji |
(kjō/kē) keỡ 竟鏡境競京jing | (kjō) khyố 枵xiao khyỗ 饗響xiang khyỡ 凶匈胸洶xiong khyơv 協脇脅xie kjỡ 巩共恭gong 恐kong kjwỗ 況筐框狂kuang kyỗ 橿疆僵jiang kyö 教驕嬌矯轎叫jiao 竅喬蕎橋僑qiao kyỡ 兢驚jing kyốv 莢鋏頰jia (kjō/an) khyỡ 杏xing (kjō/gjō) khyö 曉xiao (kjō/gō) khyỗ 鄉xiang kjwỗ 誆kuang kyỗ 强qiang (kjō/keki) kyöh 敫jiao (kjō/kjan) khyốv 俠xia (kjō/kō) khyỗ 享xiang khyốv 狹峽xia kjwỗ 逛guang 眶kuang kyố 皎jiao kyỗ 畺jiang kyốv 夾jia kyơv 怯qie (kjō/ku) kjō 廾gong kjỡ 供gong (kjō/ljō) khyơv 劦xie (kjō/ō) kjwỗ 匡kuang (kjō/sjō) khyốv 挾xie (gjō) gjō 垚yao gyö 澆jiao ǥyö 堯yao ɠyõ 凝ning (gjō/gō) ǥjô 鏊ao ǥyơv 業ye (gjō/kjō) gyố 餃jiao g̣yö 驍xiao (gjō/kō) ǥyỡ 仰yang |
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+k | (kjak) kyac 卻que (kjak/kak) kják 客ke (kjak/kja) kyac 腳jiao (gjak) ɠyak 虐nu:e (gjak/gak) ɠyak 瘧nu:e (gjak/geki) ɠják 逆ni (gjak/kjak) ɠyak 謔nu:e |
(kjok) khyok 旭xu kyok 棘ji 局ju 曲髷qu (kjok/gok) kyøk 極ji (kjok/ki) kyøk 亟ji (gjok) ǥyok 玉yu |
SA | SI | SU | SE | SO | |
(sa) ča 査cha 差chai 詐渣zha çă 磋瑳矬cuo 佐zuo să 嗩鎖瑣唆梭suo ša 傻sha (sa/sai) çă 搓cuo să 蓑suo (sa/sak) ča 乍zha çăr 做zuo (sa/shi) çă 嵯cuo (sa/sja) ča 叉杈汊cha 醡zha çá 嗟jie çă 左zuo sá 些xie ša 砂紗沙莎裟sha šă 耍shua (sa/sok) çă 銼cuo (za) ză 座zuo (za/sa) ză 挫cuo 坐zuo |
(shi) çhi 匙翅嗤齒鴟chi 至支肢枝志誌贄摯之芝止址祉趾紙旨指脂zhi çhɨ 熾chi 幟zhi çi 鶿zi çji 祠詞朿刺此雌疵ci 仔孜姊漬梓恣資姿咨諮髭紫貲zi çjĭ 嘴zui shi 糸mi 市柹史駛屍豕矢士詩嗜視試使尸師獅氏舐始shi sji 四死司覗伺飼嗣斯思私巳祀肆絲鷥si sjih 賜si (shi/ji) çhi 蒔shi çi 茨ci shi 仕shi (shi/ken) çi 兹zi (shi/ki) ksi 鮨qi shi 屎shi (shi/sai) çji 滓zi ṣî 篩shai (shi/se) shi 施shi (shi/sjok) çji̊ 廁ce (shi/su) çji 子zi (shi/sui) çjĭ 觜zui ší 揣chuai (shi/tē) tí 砥di 虒zh (ji) dri 持chi 峙zhi njɨ 耳珥er zhi 時shi zji 磁慈辭ci 字zi ẓji 寺似si ẓyi 璽xi (ji/shi) zhi 示侍恃shi zji 次ci 滋孳自zi (ji/zu) zhi 事shi |
(su/shi) su̇ 笥si (su/sju) su 須xu (zu/to) dzu 圖tu |
(ze/shi) ᶎė 是shi | (so) čo 礎chu ço 粗cu 租祖阻組zu çŏh 措cuo so 嗉訴su sŏ 穌su šo 梳shu sŏr 塑su (so/kō) so 甦su (so/sa) çó 齟ju (so/sak) sŏr 遡su (so/sja) çó 姐jie (so/sjo) čo 楚chu ço 詛zu çó 狙疽ju 蛆qu šo 疏蔬疎shu ṣo 鼠shu (so/su) so 素su sŏ 蘇su |
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+i | (sai) čai 債zhai čái 砦zhai çai 猜才裁采菜採彩cai 豺chai 祭際ji 宰哉栽載災zai 齋zhai çái 妻qi çåi 催cui sai 腮sai såi 碎sui 細xi såi' 賽sai ṣåi' 寨zhai (sai/sa) çai' 再zai (sai/se) çăj 嘬zuo (sai/sē) çái 濟ji çái' 砌qi sái 犀xi såi 歲sui (sai/shi) čái 柴chai sai 鰓sai sȧi 偲si ṣai 曬shai ṣåi 晒shai (sai/sja) sai 崽zai (sai/sju) çåi 最zui (sai/sui) čåi 隹zhui (zai) zai 材cai 在zai zåi 罪zui (zai/sai) zai 財cai (zai/sui) zái 劑ji |
(sui) čui 垂錘捶炊吹chui 誰shui 錐zhui çui 粹膵翠悴cui 醉zui sui 夊遂繸穗祟雖sui šuî 衰shuai ṣui 水睡shui ṣûi 帥shuai thui 推tui (sui/e) hsùi 彗hui (sui/tsui) sui 隧sui (zui) zui 蕊rui ẓui 隨髓sui (zui/ni) zui 諉wei (zui/sui) dzuî 隋sui žui 瑞rui |
(sē) čē 制製zhi čĕi 贅zhui čẽi 征整zheng çêi 棲qi çẽi 蜻晴qing ṣē 誓逝shi see̊ 婿xu sẽi 惺醒xing sėi 嘶si šẽi 誠cheng ṣẽi 牲sheng (sē/djō) čjễ 睜zheng çyẽ 阱靖靜jing šjẽ 成cheng ṣjẽ 晟盛sheng (sē/sai) çêi 擠ji 齊臍淒qi se̊i 西xi (sē/se) ṣeh 世shi (sē/sez) čē' 掣che (sē/shi) sėi 撕si (sē/shin) çẽi 請qing (sē/sja) ṣeh 貰shi (sē/sjō) čjẽ 正鉦政zheng çyẽ 井精睛jing 青清鯖qing ṣjẽ 聖声聲省生sheng syẽ 旌jing 性姓星腥xing (sē/sō) ṣjẽ 甥sheng (sē/zē) šē 勢shi (zē) žē 税shui (zē/sē) zĕi 脆cui |
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+u | (sū) čũ 崇chong (sū/sju) šū 樞shu (sū/sjū) čū 芻chu (sū/sok) çū 趨qu (sū/su) čū 雛chu šūh 數shu |
(sō) čô 找zhao čỗ 爭錚zheng çô 草槽漕cao 搔騷sao 澡藻燥躁遭灶蚤zao çỗ 倉蒼滄艙cang 葬髒贓zang çö 繰qiao çõ 層ceng 悤聰蔥cong 總惣zong çō 湊cou 奏走zou čôh 插cha çøũ 綜zong čwô 爪抓zhua čwỗ 壯zhuang s'ỗ 箱xiang sô 鰺sao sỗ 喪桑嗓sang 宋song sõ 关guan 僧seng 送song sō 嫂sao 颼藪sou sôu 帀za šwỗ 爽霜雙shuang (sō/san) çô 操cao (sō/sat') çô 早zao (sō/sjō) čô 炒chao čỗ 箏掙zheng čö 剿jiao çô 喿cao çõ 噌cheng 甑zeng çỡ 槍搶qiang čôh 臿鍤cha çøũ 踪zong čôv 眨zha čwỗ 瘡創chuang 莊裝妝zhuang s'ỗ 相xiang slỗ 刅chuang ṣô 稍蛸shao (sō/sju) sô 掃sao sō 搜sou (sō/sjū) čô 帚zhou sō 嗽叟sou šŏu 漱shu (sō/so) çõ 曾ceng s'ỗ 想xiang (sō/su) çõ 叢cong čwỗ 窻chuang sō 囱cong (sō/tjū) šō 瘦shou (sō/zō) çô 曹cao (zō) 'zô 造zao zỗ 臟zang zõ 憎zeng ẓỗ 像xiang (zō/sjō) ẓö 篠xiao (zō/sō) zỗ 藏cang 臧zang zõ 增贈zeng |
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+k | (sak) çac 鑿zao 昨酢柞zuo çak 策ce çăk 醋cu čaq 搾zha 窄zhai sak 索suo 丵zhuo săk 削xue ṣăk 朔shuo (sak/djak) çák 簀ze (sak/sa) çac 作zuo (sak/san) čak 栅zha (sak/sjak) çac 蚱zha çăk 錯cuo (sak/sjuk) šăk 欶shuo |
(shiki) çhɨki 識shi shɨki 式shi (shiki/iki) shĭki 閾yu |
(seki) čeki 斥chi 隻zhi çeki 跡脊積績ji 席xi çéki 籍ji 責ze seki 惜夕汐潟析xi ṣéki 碩shuo (seki/djak) çeki 瘠ji çéki 耤ji (seki/kak) ṣéki 螫zhe (seki/sja) ṣéci 舍she (seki/sjak) çeki 蹟ji seki 昔錫xi se̊ki 媳xi ṣéki 赤chi 石shi |
(sok) çok 測側ce 促cu 則ze 足zu çøk 即ji sok 速su 息熄xi šok 束shu (sok/sai) sok 塞sai (sok/sak) čŏk 捉zhuo (sok/seki) çók 戚qi (sok/sjok) čok 燭zhu (zok) zok 賊zei 族zu ẓok 俗su (zok/sjok) žok 屬shu ẓok 粟su 續xu |
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+n | (san) çam 慘can čan 産chan çan 粲燦can 贊攢儹讚zan çăn 鑽zuan ṣám 杉衫shan san 散傘san 蘸zhan săn 蒜算酸suan 纂zuan šan 删珊shan ṣăn 涮shuan (san/saz) sar 撒sa (san/sen) čan 鏟chan čán 棧盞zhan čăn 撰zhuan šăm 閂shuan ṣám 彡shan ṣán 山shan (san/shin) çam 參can (san/son) çan 餐can (san/ten) çam 朁蠶can (san/zan) çam 鏨zan çan 纔cai (san/zen) čan 饞chan (san/zō) sam 三san (zan) zam 慚can 暫zan zan 殘can (zan/san) žam 斬zhan žám 懺chan zăn 竄cuan žan 讒chan |
(shin) çhim 斟鍼箴zhen çhin 晨宸襯chen 振震賑針zhen çhɨn 診zhen çyim 浸jin 沁侵寢qin çyin 晉津進jin 秦親qin s'im 森sen shim 審滲shen shin 娠蜃申伸呻紳慎身shen 真zhen šjim 深shen sjin 唇chun syim 心芯xin syin 卂辛新薪信兟xin (shin/chin) çhɨn 疹zhen (shin/fan) çhin 榛zhen (shin/jin) çhin 辰chen shin 神shen šjin 臣chen (shin/lik) ? 蓼liao (shin/san) syin 汛xun (shin/sen) çyím 僭jian (shin/shi) shin 囟xin (shin/so) çji̊n 怎zen (jin) zhim 甚shen zhin 腎shen 陣zhen ẓyim 尋xun ẓyin 迅xun (jin/ni) njin 仁ren (jin/nin) njin 刃韌人ren zjin 儿er (jin/san) zyin 盡jin (jin/sjun) ẓyin 訊xun |
(sun) çun 寸cun | (sen) čem 苫shan 占瞻zhan çem 尖jian 潛籤僉簽qian čen 戰zhan čĕn 穿船川釧chuan 專磚zhuan çen 薦煎揃箭剪箋踐濺jian 錢淺茜遷千qian çĕn 鐫juan 泉詮痊quan sem 韱纖xian šem 染ran ṣém 閃shan sen 腺線鮮癬先銑xian 叀zhuan sĕn 旋鏇宣選xuan ṣen 扇煽騸shan ṣén 陝shan ṣĕn 栓拴shuan ṣên 擅shan 顫zhan ser 洗xi (sen/en) sen 涎羨xian (sen/ken) ṣên 鸇zhan (sen/san) çen 戔jian sen 霰xian ṣén 芟shan (sen/sento) sen 仙xian (sen/shin) čen 攙chan (sen/tan) čem 詹zhan šĕn 踹chuai (sen/tjō) čem 沾zhan (sen/zen) çen 賤jian (zen) zem 漸jian zen 前qian zĕn 全quan žen 善繕shan (zen/nen) ňen 然ran zen 冉ran (zen/sen) žen 蟬禪chan 膳shan žĕn 喘chuan |
(son) çon 村cun 尊樽噂zun s'ón 巽遜xun son 損孫sun (son/san) çon 鐏zun (son/sen) çon 鱒zun (son/sjun) çon 蹲dun (son/zon) çon 存cun |
+t | (saz) ça'z 拶zan čaz 察cha çaz 擦ca çăz 撮cuo šaz 札紮zha ṣăz 刷shua (saz/sai) šaz 煞殺sha (saz/sak) ça'z 冊ce (saz/sazi) çaz 咱zan saz 薩sa (saz/sezi) čaz 刹cha (saz/sō) çapz 囃ca sapz 颯sa (zaz/zō) zapz 雜za |
(shizi) çizi 七qi (shiz) çhiz 櫛zhi çyiz 疾嫉ji 桼漆qi shiz 虱shi sjíz 瑟se šjiz 室失shi syiz 蟋膝xi (shiz/chiz) 'shiz 蛭zhi (shiz/jizi) çyiz 蒺ji (shiz/shizi) çhiz 叱chi 質zhi syiz 悉xi (shiz/sjū) çhipz 執zhi shipz 濕溼shi (jiz/shiz) zhiz 實shi |
(sez) čez 浙zhe čĕz 拙zhuo çez 竊qie sez 褻屑xie 薛xue sĕz 雪xue ṣez 設she (sez/djō) ç'epz 鑷nie (sez/ē) sez 泄xie (sez/sai) çez 截jie 切qie (sez/sezi) çez 節癤jie (sez/sjak) čez 折zhe (sez/sjō) çepz 接jie ṣepz 攝she (sez/tez) čĕz 啜chuo (sez/zē) ṣĕz 説shuo (zez) zĕz 絶jue žez 舌she |
(soz/liz) ṣ'øz 率lu: (soz/saz) çŏz 椊zuo (soz/sjuz) çŏz 卒zu |
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SYA | SYU | SYO | |||
(sja) çha 車che 者zhe 煮zhu ṣa 社射鉈she 遮鷓zhe shá 赦she shác 捨she sya 卸謝寫瀉斜xie (sja/djak) çhar 柘zhe (sja/gen) sja 這zhe (sja/sa) sjă 娑suo (sja/sai) sja 灑sa (sja/seki) çyar 藉jie (sja/sjo) ṣa 蔗zhe (sja/son) ṣa 洒sa (dja) ẓya 邪xie (dja/da) zha 蛇she |
(sju) çhu 殊shu 蛀朱株珠硃zhu çhữ 種zhong çyu 酒jiu 取娶趣qu shu 首狩shou 殳shu (sju/sjō) çhữ 腫zhong shu 垔yin (sju/sjū) çhũ 柊zhong (sju/sō) çøũ 棕zong (sju/su) çhu 主麈zhu çju 諏zou shu 守shou (sju/tju) çhu 壴yi shu 尌shu (sju/zu) shu 手shou (dju) zhu 受授綬shou ẓhu 豎樹shu ẓyu 需xu (dju/sju) zhu 戍shu 咒zhou (dju/su) ẓhu 壽shou |
(sjo) çho 処處初chu 諸zhu sho 庶暑署曙書shu 所suo 渚zhu (sjo/djo) çho 藷zhu (sjo/so) çho 杵chu çyó 且qie syo 胥xu (sjo/tjo) syo 緒xu (djo) zho 助zhu ẓyo 序徐敘xu (djo/sjo) zho 鋤chu 抒舒恕shu ẓyo 絮xu |
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+u | (sjū) çhū 終zhong čjū 醜臭愁讎chou 周週舟zhou çyū 囚秋qiu 驟zou çyứ 萩qiu çyw 輯集ji 葺qi shū 售shou sjū 蒐sou šjū 收shou syū 袖羞繡鏽秀xiu syw 襲xi (sjū/dju) çyū 就鷲jiu 酋qiu syw 習xi (sjū/djū) shiw 拾shi (sjū/sju) čjṹ 衆zhong čjū 酬chou 賙zhou çyū 揪jiu 聚ju syū 饈修xiu (sjū/sō) čjṹ 宗zong sjův 歰se (sjū/su) čjū 州洲zhou (sjū/sū) šjū 皺zhou (sjū/yū) çyw 咠qi (sjū/zu) šjū 廚chu (djū) zhiw 汁zhi zjũ 縱zong žjṹ 充銃chong ẓjũ 獸shou (djū/jit') zhif 十shi (djū/sjō) zjũ 從cong (djū/sjū) zhif 什shi zjův 澀se (djū/tjō) ɖjṹ 重zhong |
(sjō/sē) çeỡ 錆qiang (djō/sē) žeỡ 城cheng 蒸zheng ẓeỡ 淨jing 情qing |
(sjō) ç'jöu 囁nie çheỡ 症zheng çhô 鈔抄chao çhỗ 昌菖唱倡娼猖廠chang 章樟彰障zhang çhö 招昭照詔沼zhao çhõ 衝chong 鐘踵zhong çhỡ 稱cheng 爯zhao čjõ 證zheng čjwỗ 床chuang 粧zhuang çyỗ 漿醬匠jiang 牆qiang çyö 椒焦礁蕉jiao 悄俏誚瞧憔qiao çyỡ 晶jing çyơv 疌睫jie 妾qie hsyỗ 餉xiang shô 梢哨少shao shỗ 償敞裳chang 商傷晌尚賞shang 掌zhang shö 燒紹shao 召zhao shõ 勝sheng shỡ 枡dou 升昇陞sheng shơv 涉she sjõ 訟松竦聳song 蹤zong šjỡ 氶zheng syỗ 湘祥詳翔xiang syö 肖消逍宵硝小蕭簫笑咲xiao (sjō/djō) ç'jöu 聶nie šjỗ 嘗chang šjỡ 承cheng 拯zheng (sjō/dju) sjõ 頌誦song (sjō/djū) shō 从cong (sjō/fin) çjỡ 秤cheng (sjō/njō) jỗ 瓤rang (sjō/sju) çhõ 鍾zhong (sjō/sjū) çhơv 摺zhe çyö 鍬qiao sjō 艘sou (sjō/so) čjwỗ 庄zhuang (sjō/sō) çyỗ 將獎蔣槳jiang 爿qiang çyö 鞘qiao çyơv 捷jie shỡ 笙sheng shöu 霎sha sjõ 鬆song syỗ 廂xiang syö 銷xiao (sjō/tō) çhõ 憧chong zjỗ 倘tang (sjō/zō) syỗ 象橡xiang (djō) jỗ 讓嚷壤穰攘rang zhõ 剩sheng zhỡ 繩sheng žjô 巢chao žjỗ 常chang 狀jue žjõ 乘cheng (djō/njō) ẓyỗ 鑲xiang (djō/sjō) ẓhỗ 上shang žjỡ 丞cheng ẓyỗ 襄xiang |
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+k | (sjak) çák 嚼jiao 爵jue çhác 尺chi çhăk 綽chuo 灼酌zhuo çyak 借jie shac 勺shao shak 爍shuo (sjak/sak) sják 舄qiao (sjak/seki) shák 釋shi syák 晰蜥xi (sjak/tjō) shac 杓shao (djak/djan) ẓyák 雀que (djak/seki) ẓyák 寂ji |
(sjuk) shuk 尗叔淑shu sjuk 宿su 縮suo syuk 蓿xu (sjuk/djuk) çhuk 粥zhou (sjuk/sjū) çhuc 祝zhu çhuk 蹴cu (sjuk/suk) sjuk 肅su (djuk) zhuk 熟shou 孰塾shu |
(sjok) çhok 觸chu 囑zhu shok 贖shu shøk 蝕飾shi 植埴殖zhi sjok 嗇穡se (sjok/jiki) shøk 食喰shi (sjok/shiki) çhøk 戠shi 織zhi shøk 拭shi sjøk 色se (sjok/sok) çhøk 職zhi (sjok/zok) shok 蜀shu (djok) žjok 辱褥ru |
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+n | (sjun) çhun 春蠢chun 諄zhun çyun 俊峻jun 夋qun shun 舜瞬shun sjun 榫sun tjůn 盹dun (sjun/djun) çhun 隼準zhun tjůn 惇dun (sjun/sun) çyun 駿jun (djun) djun 盾dun đjun 閏潤run ɖjun 純chun zhun 順shun 凖zhun ẓhun 楯shun ẓjun 遵zun ẓyun 殉巡循xun (djun/sjun) zhun 馴xun žjun 鶉淳醇chun ẓyun 旬洵詢徇xun |
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+t | (sjuz) shuẑ 蟀甩shuai (sjuz/sjuzi) shuẑ 摔shuai (sjuz/sui) çhuz 出chu (djuz) zhut 戌xu zhuz 述術shu (djuz/sjuz) ẓyuz 恤xu |
TA | TI | TU | TE | TO | |
(ta) ta 他牠它ta tă 爹die 多duo ʈa 侘詫cha 挓zha (ta/da) tă 陀tuo (ta/i) tă 拖tuo (ta/sja) ƫa 扯che (ta/tai) tă 馱tuo ta' 汰tai (ta/to) ʈa 咤zha (ta/zu) tå 荼tu (da) da 打da dă 墮惰duo 橢妥tuo ɗa 雫na (da/dju) ɗă 懦nuo (da/ē) dắ 兑dui (da/na) ɗa 哪拿na ɗă 梛挪娜nuo (da/ta) dă 舵柁duo 駄唾駝鴕tuo |
(chi) çen 廌jian tri 恥池遲癡chi 致緻知智蜘zhi trɨ 值置zhi (chi/ji) tjî 她ta tri 馳chi 稚zhi tyi 地di (chi/li) chi 离chi (chi/shi) tjí 疐zhi tri 弛chi (ji/ji) dri 痔zhi (ji/chi) dri 治雉zhi (ji/ni) ɗyi 你ni ɗyĩ 您nin njɨ 爾邇而兒餌er nyi 呢ni |
(tsu/tō) tṡú 偷tou 俞yu | (to) to 渡鍍肚賭堵睹du 吐徒塗途tu (to/dja) to 闍du (to/sō) tòr 鐺dang (to/tjo) to 屠tu (to/tō) to 杜du toh 斗抖dou (to/tsu) to 都妒du 兔tu (to/zu) to 涂tu (do) ɗo 奴努nu (do/nu) ɗo 怒nu (do/to) do 度du 土tu |
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+i | (tai) tai 待帶玳貸黛戴逮怠dai 隶li 泰擡苔胎態tai tåi 隊dui 替ti 退腿頽tui ƭai 耐nai (tai/dai) tai 袋dai (tai/kak) tăi 碓dui (tai/sai) tai 殆dai (tai/ta) tai 太tai (tai/tē) tái 體ti ṭái 滯zhi (tai/tsui) tåi 對堆dui (dai) dåi 題ti (dai/ne) ɗai 奶nai (dai/tai) dai 大da 代dai 臺台tai dåi 醍ti (dai/tē) dái 第di |
(tsui) tsui 槌chui 墜追縋zhui (tsui/sui) tsui 椎zhui (tsui/tai) tsui 鎚chui |
(tē) tē 堤帝締遞低底抵牴邸di 啼蹄嚏ti tẽi 碇訂酊鼎ding 停汀廷庭艇ting ʈẽi 呈程逞cheng 貞偵禎zhen (tē/chi) tē 薙ti (tē/chin) tẽi 亭ting (tē/dai) tē 鵜俤悌ti têi 弟di (tē/djō) tyẽ 定ding ʈjẽ 鄭zheng (tē/i) ṯėi 姨yi (tē/tai) tē 蒂諦氐di 屜梯ti (tē/tez) ʈĕi' 叕綴zhui (tē/tjō) tē 提ti tyẽ 釘玎ding (dē/nai) ɗē 泥ni |
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+u | (tsū) tsũ 痛tong (tsū/tsu) tsũ 通tong |
(tō) tô 到倒悼禱島搗刀蹈盜dao 套淘陶掏濤檮討桃逃叨滔tao tỗ 宕蕩盪黨當檔擋璫dang 唐糖塘湯燙膛躺tang tõ 等燈瞪磴凳鄧deng 冬東棟凍董dong 疼滕籐騰謄teng 統筒tong tō 鬥鬪痘dou 投透tou tŏũ 樋tong tôu 塌榻蹋ta tôv 荅答搭da 沓踏塔ta ʈô 罩zhao ʈõ 橙cheng (tō/do) tỗ 帑tang (tō/dō) tõ 藤teng 桐僮tong ƭô 鬧nao (tō/tak) ʈôh 櫂zhao (tō/te) tô 稻dao (tō/tjō) tỗ 趟tang tö́ 掉diao tỡ 掟ding ƫỗ 橕cheng (tō/to) tõ 登deng tō 兜dou (tō/tok) tōh 纛dao (tō/tsu) tõ 懂dong tō 陡dou (tō/yō) tô 匋tao (tō/zu) tō 豆逗荳dou 頭tou (dō) dô 導dao dỗ 堂tang dõ 洞胴動働dong 同銅童tong (dō/njō) ɗö 鐃nao ɗỡ 擰ning (dō/nō) ɗôu 衲na (dō/sjun) đ? 竣jun (dō/tjū) dô 咷tao (dō/tō) dô 道dao 萄tao dõ 瞳慟tong ɖwõ 撞zhuang |
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+k | (tak) t'ak 澤擇ze tăk 鐸duo 拓託tuo ʈak 宅zhai 琢zhuo ʈăk 戳chuo 卓桌濯zhuo (tak/sa) ƫaq 炸zha (tak/seki) ʈak 拆chai (tak/sjok) ʈăk 鐲zhuo (tak/tjak) tăk 乇tuo (tak/tsuk) ʈak 啄zhuo (dak) ɗăk 諾nuo (dak/djok) ɖjăk 濁zhuo |
(chik) trɨk 畜chu 蓄xu 筑築逐竹zhu (jik) drɨc 軸zhou (jik/chik) drɨk 竺zhu |
(teki) teki 的de 滴敵覿狄荻笛迪di ʈeki 適shi 摘zhai (teki/tak) ʈĕki 擢zhuo (teki/tē) teki 剔ti (teki/tjak) teki 踢ti téki 啇di ʈeki 擲zhi (deki/djō) ɗeci 溺ni (deki/teki) deki 滌di |
(tok) tok 得悳德de 篤犢督du 特忒te 禿tu ƭøk 匿ni ʈok (tok/chik) tok 碡du (tok/tō) tok 瀆讟du (dok) dok 毒du (dok/tok) dok 獨髑讀du |
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+n | (tan) tam 耽淡啖擔膽dan 探痰毯譚tan tan 丹單簞蛋但疸誕dan 炭坦癱嘆tan tăn 短端鍛duan 彖tuan ṭăn 瘓huan ʈam 站zhan ʈan 綻zhan (tan/chin) ʈam 湛zhan (tan/dan) tan 旦dan 灘tan (tan/don) tam 貪tan (tan/en) tam 覃tan (tan/jin) tam 潭tan (tan/len) ʈăm 賺zhuan (tan/sen) tan 亶dan tăn 摶tuan 耑zhuan (tan/ta) tan 憚dan (tan/ton) tan 坍tan (dan) dam 談tan dăn 斷duan (dan/kan) ɗăn 煖nuan (dan/nan) ɗam 男nan (dan/non) ɗăn 暖nuan (dan/tan) dan 彈dan 壇檀tan dăn 段duan (dan/ton) dăn 團tuan |
(chin) chin 闖chuang trim 砧zhen trin 鎮zhen trɨn 陳趁chen 朕珍zhen ƭrɨm 賃lin (chin/jin) trɨm 沈chen trɨn 塵蔯chen (chin/sen) trim 佔zhan (chin/shin) trɨm 枕zhen (chin/tjun) trĭn 椿chun |
(ten) tem 店點玷dian 甜tian ten 顛癲dian 天添餂tian ʈem 霑zhan ʈém 諂chan ʈen 廛辿chan 展zhan ʈĕn 椽chuan 轉篆zhuan (ten/chin) ten 填tian (ten/den) ten 奠佃典dian ʈen 纏chan ʈĕn 傳chuan (ten/nen) ʈen 輾zhan (ten/shin) ten 槙dian (ten/tē) ten 蜓ting (ten/tjō) teṃ 貼tie ten 墊dian (den) den 電dian 田tian (den/nen) ɗem 鮎nian (den/ten) den 殿澱甸dian (den/ton) de̊n 臀tun |
(ton) ton 噸沌墩dun 屯豚tun (ton/sjun) tón 遁dun (ton/tai) ton 敦dun (ton/tan) ton 丼dan (ton/toz) ton 頓dun (don) don 鈍dun 曇tan (don/non) ɗon 嫩nen (don/ton) don 吞tun |
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+t | (taz) taz 撻ta (taz/da) taz 達da (taz/tazi) taz 噠da 羍ta (daz) dăz 奪duo 脱tuo |
(chiz) triz 窒秩zhi | (tez) tez 迭跌die 鐵tie ʈez 徹撤轍che 哲zhe (tez/chiz) ʈėz 姪zhi (tez/dezi) tez 戜die ʈez 澈che (tez/sa) tez 屮che |
(toz) toz 凸tu tŏz 咄duo ƭoz 吶na 訥ne (toz/ka) toz 突tu |
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TYA | TYU | TYO | |||
(tja/sa) ƫja 茶cha | (tju/sju) ʈju 蛛zhu (dju) đju 儒襦ru (dju/nju) đju 濡ru |
(tjo) ʈjo 楮儲chu 宁貯佇猪zhu (tjo/tjak) ʈjóh 躇chu 著箸zhu (djo) đjo 汝ru (djo/ji) ɖjo 除chu (djo/njo) đjo 如ru ɗyo 女nu: |
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+u | (tjū) ʈjṹ 沖chong 中仲忠衷zhong ʈjū 疇籌抽紬丑chou 肘宙冑晝zhou 柱注駐zhu (tjū/djū) ƭyū 鈕niu (tjū/ki) tjū 虫chong ʈjṹ 蟲chong (tjū/sju) ʈjū 鑄zhu (tjū/tjō) ʈjū 稠chou (tjū/tju) tyū 丟diu ʈjū 躊chou 酎zhou 誅zhu (tjū/tō) ʈjū 綢chou (djū) đjṹ 戎絨rong đjū 揉rou (djū/djū) ɖjū 住zhu (djū/nju) ɗyū 扭niu (djū/njū) đjū 柔rou ɗ? 廿nian (djū/sjū) ɗyū 紐niu |
(tjō) teỡ 聽ting (tjō/chi) ʈeỡ 徵zheng (tjō/tē) teỡ 丁ding 挺梃廳ting |
(tjō) työ 調鯛凋雕鵰弔釣diao 挑眺跳糶tiao tyỡ 頂ding 町ting tyơv 蝶諜die ƭyö 鳥蔦niao ʈjô 長腸暢chang 賬脹帳張漲zhang ʈjỗ 冢塚zhong ʈjö 潮超chao 朝兆zhao ʈjõ 澄cheng 寵chong ʈjỡ 懲cheng (tjō/djō) tyơv 牒die 帖tie ʈjö 趙肇zhao (tjō/teki) tyơh 糴di (tjō/tō) tyơv 喋die ƫjỗ 撐cheng ʈjö 嘲chao (djō) đjö 擾rao đjõ 冗rong dyỡ 錠ding ɖjỗ 丈杖zhang ɗyỗ 娘孃釀niang (djō/njō) đjö 饒繞rao đjỡ 扔仍reng (djō/nju) đjõ 羢rong (djō/tjō) dyö 條tiao dyơv 疊die ɖjỗ 場chang 仗zhang |
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+k | (tjak) tjak 辵chuo (tjak/djak) ʈjak 着zhao (tjak/teki) ták 嫡di (djak) đjak 弱鰯ruo (djak/dja) đjak 惹re (djak/njak) đjac 若ruo |
(tjok) tyok 亍chu ʈjøk 敕chi (tjok/fo) ṭjok 捗bu (tjok/jiki) ʈjøk 直zhi |
NA | NI | NU | NE | NO | |
(na/da) na 那na | (ni) ni 尼ni (ni/ji) ňɨ 二er |
(ne/dē) ne 禰ni | |||
+i | (nai/dai) nai 奈乃nai nåi 内nei |
(nē) nẽi 寧濘ning | |||
+u | (nō) nô 惱瑙nao nõ 能neng 農濃nong (nō/dō) nô 腦nao nỗ 囊nang nõ 膿nong (nō/nat') nôu 納na |
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+k | (nik) ňɨk 肉rou | ||||
+n | (nan) nam 喃蝻nan ňam 軟ruan nan 難nan (nan/dan) nam 楠nan (nan/na) nam 南nan |
(nin) ňin 忍認ren ňɨm 任ren (nin/jin) ňɨm 壬妊ren |
(nen) nem 粘念nian nen 撚年nian ňen 燃ran (nen/djō) nem 捻nian (nen/jin) ňem 稔ren (nen/sen) nem 拈nian |
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+t | (naz/daz) naz 捺na | (nizi/jiz) ňizi 日ri | (nez) ňez 熱re (nez/dez) nez 涅nie (nez/tez) nez 捏nie |
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NYA | NYU | NYO | |||
+u | (njū) ňjū 乳ru (njū/dju) ňjū 入ru |
(njō) nyō 尿niao (njō/djō) ňjö 遶rao |
FA | FI | FU | FE | FO | |
(fa) pha 巴笆爸靶ba 玻波簸bo 杷爬耙pa 破頗po phà 派pai (fa/ban) pha 播bo (fa/be) pha 琶pa (fa/fak) phah 霸ba (fa/fe) pha 吧ba (fa/fi) pha 坡po (fa/wa) pha 把ba (ba) ba 婆po ɓa 馬嗎罵ma (ba/fa) ba 芭ba (ba/ma) ɓa 蟇ma (ba/me) ɓa 碼螞ma (ba/sjō) ba 薔qiang |
(fi) fĭ 非菲扉緋腓翡匪榧飛費妃肥fei phi 罷ba 被bei 彼婢痺畀痹鄙避臂匕比庇秕bi 否fou 秘mi 皮疲披丕脾啤譬批屁pi phí 坒bi phĭ 卑碑悲bei 轡pei (fi/bi) phi 靡mi 毘pi (fi/fai) fĭ 誹fei (fi/fē) phi 蓖bi 砒pi (fi/i) fĭ 斐fei (fi/to) phi 啚bi (bi) bi 鼻bi bĭ 備bei ḇĭ 微尾梶wei ɓi 麋mi ɓĭ 媚mei (bi/fi) bi 枇琵pi (bi/mi) ɓí 美mei ɓĭ 眉楣mei |
(fu) ḇu 巫誣wu fu 孚浮父斧釜負付附符府俯腐敷傅赴訃婦fu fuh 芙扶膚fu phu 布bu 普譜pu (fu/bu) fu 賦fu phu 不bu (fu/fak) phu 溥pu (fu/fo) fu 咐尃fu phu 怖埠bu (fu/fū) fu 富阜fu fuh 夫fu (bu) bu 部bu ḇu 舞侮wu (bu/fo) bů 葡pu (bu/fu) vu 撫fu (bu/mu) ḇu 蕪武鵡毋wu (bu/sen) bú 舛chuan |
(fo) pho 捕哺補bu 舖浦pu (fo/bo) pho 蒲pu (fo/bu) pho 步bu (fo/fō) phô 保堡bao (fo/fu) fo 甫輔fu fŏ 鮒fu pho 圃pu phŏ 佈bu (bo) bo 簿bu 菩pu ɓo 暮墓募慕母拇mu (bo/bō) ḇoh 戊wu ɓo 牡mu (bo/mo) ɓo 媽ma 姥姆mu |
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+i | (fai) fai 廢fei fåi 肺fei phai 敗拜擺bai 牌俳排徘湃pai phåi 杯輩背bei 胚佩沛配pei (fai/bē) fåi 吠fei (fai/boz) phåi' 悖bei (fai/buz) phåi' 孛bei (fai/fe) fåi 啡fei (fai/fē) phåi 憊bei (fai/fi) phai 稗bai (bai) bai 唄bai båi 倍貝bei 賠培陪pei ɓai 賣買mai ɓåi 媒梅mei (bai/bi) ɓåi 黴mei (bai/mai) ɓåi 煤苺mei (bai/me) ɓåi 霉mei |
(fē) phē 敝幣斃弊閉陛bi phẽi 併丙柄bing 聘pin 坪ping (fē/bē) phẽi (fē/bjō) phyẽ 平屏甹ping (fē/fez) phē 蔽bi (fē/fjō) phẽi phyẽ 并餅兵bing 萍ping (fē/fō) phyẽ 並bing (bē) ɓẽi 皿min (bē/kez) ɓe̊i 袂mei (bē/mai) ɓē 米mi |
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+u | (fū) fũ 楓瘋諷feng (fū/fō) fũ 封feng (fū/fu) fũ 風feng |
(fō) fỗ 方芳訪放倣fang fõ 俸峰蜂鋒逢縫feng phô 寶褒包胞抱飽報bao 呆dai 庖砲泡咆袍pao phỗ 邦綁幫bang 彷pang phõ 崩絣beng 萌meng 捧彭朋鵬棚篷碰踫peng (fō/bjō) fō 麃biao phô 鉋刨bao 跑皰pao (fō/bu) fõ 奉豊feng phõ 蓬peng (fō/fat') fôv 法fa (fō/fjō) phô 苞bao phõ 迸beng 澎peng (fō/fu) fõ 夆feng phỗ 丰feng (fō/fū) fō 鳳feng (fō/ka) kă 裹guo (bō) bỗ 棒傍bang bõ 膨peng bō 咅剖pou ḇwỗ 忘wang ɓô 貿冒mao ɓỗ 茫mang 虻meng ɓōh 某mou vỗ 肪防妨紡房fang vôv 乏fa (bō/bak) bôh 暴bao ɓôh 皃貌mao (bō/bin) ɓỡ 黽min (bō/bot') vỗ 坊fang (bō/fo) ɓōh 畮mu (bō/fō) bỗ 謗膀榜bang 旁pang (bō/kō) ɓỗ 芒mang (bō/mjō) ɓōh 茅mao (bō/mō) ḇỗ 輞wang ḇwỗ 亡望wang ɓô 帽髦卯mao ɓỗ 汒忙mang (bō/mu) ɓõ 蠓meng ɓōh 謀牟眸鉾mou |
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+k | (fak) fak 帛bo phàc 伯bo phak 舶泊箔薄膊bo 陌mo 迫粕珀po (fak/bak) phak 博駁bo (fak/bjak) phàk 白bai (fak/fjak) phak 擘bo 怕pa phàq 柏bo (fak/fjō) phàk 拍pai (fak/fjok) phac 雹bao (fak/fō) phac 鞄pao (fak/fok) phak 剥bo (bak) bac 爆bao ɓak 麥mai 漠mo vak 縛fu (bak/bo) ɓak 莫mo (bak/fak) bac 瀑pu (bak/fok) bac 曝pu (bak/mak) ɓak 寞mo |
(fiki/fiz) phiki 逼bi (fiki/sjo) phiki 疋pi |
(fuk) fuk 伏洑袱复複復覆腹蝮副幅福蝠輻服fu (fuk/fjok) fuk 畐fu phúk 愎bi |
(feki) pheki 壁璧bi 癖pi (feki/bjak) pheki 闢pi (feki/fi) pheki 辟僻pi (feki/fjak) pheki 碧襞bi 霹劈pi |
(fok) phok 北bei 攵po 菐pu (bok) bok 卜bu 朴po 僕撲pu ɓok 墨mo 牧mu (bok/fak) bok 樸pu (bok/mok) ɓok 默mo 木mu ɓøk 睦mu |
+n | (fan) fam 帆氾範fan fan 樊販飯藩燔繁fan phan 班斑辦頒半絆般搬坂版阪ban 攀畔袢槃潘pan 胖pang (fan/ban) phan 伴板ban 判pan (fan/bon) fam 犯fan fan 煩棥fan (fan/bu) fam 汎fan (fan/fen) phan 盼pan (fan/fon) fan 反fan phan 叛pan (ban) ban 盤pan ḇăn 晚挽wan ɓan 蠻man van 番fan (ban/fan) ban 磐pan van 蕃fan (ban/man) ɓan 墁鬘man |
(fin) phin 賓濱殯瀕bin 嬪頻蘋牝pin (fin/bin) phin 貧pin (fin/fon) phɨm 品pin (fin/fun) fĭn 份fen phim 彬bin (bin) bĩn 瓶ping ɓin 敏min (bin/fin) bin 鬢bin (bin/min) ɓin 閔憫罠min 玟wen |
(fun) fun 奮雰紛粉吩忿墳憤糞fen phun 噴pen (fun/bun) ḇun 吻wen (fun/fan) phûn 扮ban (fun/fi) phu̇n 賁bi (fun/fon) fum 焚fen (bun) ḇůn 蚊wen (bun/fun) vun 分fen (bun/mon) ḇůn 文聞wen |
(fen) fén 返fan phen 辡貶邊扁編遍蝙變bian 片篇偏騙pian (fen/fun) phen 拚pan (ben) ɓen 娩勉mian (ben/bin) ben 便bian (ben/fen) ben 辯辮鞭bian bén 瓣ban (ben/men) ben 宀mian ɓen 臱冕mian |
(fon) phon 奔本笨ben (fon/fan) fòn 翻fan (bon) bon 盆pen (bon/fan) vom 凡fan (bon/fū) vom 梵fan |
+t | (fazi) phazi 八ba (fazi/faz) phazi 鉢bo (faz) faz 癶bo 髮醱fa phaz 潑po (faz/baz) phaz 跋ba (faz/bazi) phaz 犮鈸ba 撥bo (faz/fazi) phaz 捌ba (faz/foz) faz 發fa (baz) bàhz 帕pa vaz 閥fa (baz/bazi) vaz 罰fa (baz/fai) baz 拔ba (baz/faz) vaz 伐筏fa |
(fiz) phiz 必畢筆bi 匹pi (fiz/fi) phiz 泌mi (fiz/fuz) fĭz 拂fu |
(fuz) fuj 沸fei fuz 彿fu (fuz/fai) fuz 祓fu (fuz/fozi) fuz 弗fu (buz/boz) ḇuz 勿wu (buz/fuz) vuz 佛fo (buz/moz) ḇuz 物wu |
(fez) phey 撇pie (bez) bez 别bie ɓez 蔑篾mie (bez/baz) ḇêz 襪wa (bez/fez) bez 瞥pie |
(fozi) fozi 巿fu (foz/bozi) phoz 脖bo (boz/foz) boz 勃bo (boz/moz) ɓoz 沒mei |
FYA | FYU | FYO | |||
+u | (fjū/fjō) fjū 髟biao (bjū/bjō) ɓyū 謬miu |
(fjō) pheỡ 憑ping (bjō/fē) beỡ 病bing |
(fjō) phjỡ 匉peng phyö 表俵標biao 票漂飄瓢piao phyỡ 冰bing 評ping (fjō/fjū) phyö 彪biao (fjō/fō) phjô 豹bao (fjō/fu) phjỡ 馮feng (bjō) ɓjö 貓mao ɓyö 描秒渺miao (bjō/bak) ɓyốh 藐miao (bjō/mjō) ?ô 吵chao ɓjö 錨mao ɓyö 廟苗miao |
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+k | (fjak/bjak) phjàk 百bai |
MA | MI | MU | ME | MO | |
(ma) ma 摩魔磨mo (ma/ba) ma 痲ma (ma/bi) ma 麼ma (ma/maa) ma 麻ma |
(mi) mĭ 魅mei m̱ĭ 味wei (mi/bi) mi 彌mi m̱ĭ 未wei |
(mu) m̱ŭ 敄務wu (mu/bō) m̱ŭ 霧wu můh 矛mao můr 夢meng (mu/bu) m̱u 無wu |
(me/ba) m̱ê 瑪ma | (mo) moh 茂mao (mo/bo) mo 模mo (mo/mō) mo 摸mo |
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+i | (mai) mai 埋mai måi 妹mei (mai/bai) mai 邁mai måi 枚昧每mei |
(mē) mē 迷mi mẽi 盟meng 銘酩鳴ming (mē/bē) mē 謎mi (mē/ben) mẽi 瞑ming (mē/mjō) myẽ 冥明名命ming |
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+u | (mō) mô 毛mao mỗ 盲mang mõ 猛meng m̱ỗ 網wang (mō/bō) mõ 孟蒙朦矇meng mō 网wang m̱ỗ 罔wang m̱wỗ 妄wang (mō/kō) mhô 耗hao |
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+k | (mak) mak 膜mo (mak/bak) mak 幕mu |
(mok) mok 沐mu (mok/bok) mok 目苜mu |
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+n | (man) man 慢漫饅man (man/ban) man 曼蔓鰻幔縵滿man m̱ăn 萬wan (man/fan) ṃan 幡fan (man/mon) man 瞞man |
(min) min 眠mian 民min | (men) men 綿棉免mian (men/ben) men 面麵緬mian |
(mon) mon 門們捫悶men m̱on 紋問wen |
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+t | (maz) maz 抹mo (maz/baz) maz 末沫茉mo |
(mizi/fuk) mizi 宓mi (miz) miz 密mi (miz/biz) miz 蜜mi |
(mez) mez 滅mie | ||
MYA | MYU | MYO | |||
+u | (mjō/bjō) myö 妙miao | ||||
+k | (mjak) mjak 脈mo |
LA | LI | LU | LE | LO | |
(la) lă 裸螺騾羅籮邏鑼luo (la/bi) ? 薇wei |
(li) li 離籬璃漓里浬理鯉哩裏李吏利俐痢梨li lĭ 履lu: (li/la) li 罹li (li/lai) li 狸莉li (li/lē) li 犁li |
(lu) lu 屢lu: (lu/ljū) lú 榴瑠liu (lu/lō) lu 婁lou lůh 簍瘻lou |
(lo) lo 賂鷺鹵盧爐蘆鸕魯櫓lu loh 髏lou (lo/ljo) lo 廬lu ló 呂濾驢lu: (lo/lō) lo 露lu (lo/lu) lo 路蕗lu lŏ 褸lu: |
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+i | (lai) lai 徠賚賴瀨lai låi 靁蕾lei (lai/li) lai 萊lai (lai/lui) l? 耒lei (lai/tai) lai 來lai |
(lui) lui 類lei (lui/lai) lui 畾壘纍lei (lui/lē) lúî 淚lei |
(lē) lē 例隸勵蠣麗藜li lẽi 冷leng 令零澪蛉玲齡ling (lē/lai) lē 厲li lêi 禮戾li (lē/li) lē 黎li (lē/lin) lẽi 鈴ling (lē/ljō) lyẽ 另霝靈櫺伶羚嶺翎ling |
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+u | (lō) lô 老牢lao lỗ 狼浪朗廊榔lang 勞癆lao lō 漏樓lou løũ 聾朧long lôv 啦臘la lơv 蠟la (lō/ljō) lỗ 郎lang løũ 隴long (lō/lu) lõ 弄nong lōh 摟lou løũ 籠嚨攏long (lō/sō) løũ 瀧long |
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+k | (lak) lăk 酪lao 洛落絡珞駱luo (lak/kak) lăk 烙luo |
(lik/ljū) lic 戮lu (lik/lok) lɨk 坴liu 陸lu |
(leki) leki 轢礫li léki 曆歷櫪li (leki/ljak) léki 厤li (leki/yak) leki 櫟li |
(lok) lok 勒le 碌liu 鹿漉圥麓录録禄lu løk 肋le (lok/lik) løk 六liu |
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+n | (lan) lam 籃藍濫覽欖纜嵐婪lan lan 闌攔欄爛瀾lan lăn 鸞卵luan (lan/la) lan 蘭lan (lan/lai) lan 懶lan (lan/lon) lån 亂luan |
(lin) lim 臨林琳淋霖凜廩lin lin 厘li 吝粦燐麟鱗鄰lin 綾ling lɨn 輪倫圇lun (lin/fin) lim 稟bing (lin/kan) lɨn 綸lun (lin/lon) lɨn 侖淪lun |
(len) lem 廉簾殮斂歛lian len 鍊guo 憐練連蓮鏈聯戀lian lĕn 攣luan ɭen 輦nian (len/ken) lem 鐮臉lian rem 撿jian (len/lan) len 漣lian lĕn 孌luan (len/lin) len 璉lian |
(lon) løn 論崙lun (lon/lin) løn 掄lun |
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+t | (laz) lapz 垃la laz 剌辣la (laz/la) lapz 拉la laz 喇la |
(liz) liz 慄li (liz/li) liz 栗li (liz/liti) lɨz 律lu: (liz/ljū) lipz 立li |
(lez) lez 烈裂劣lie (lez/le) lez 列lie |
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LYA | LYU | LYO | |||
(ljo) lyo 旅慮lu: (ljo/lo) lyo 虜lu 侶lu: |
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+u | (ljū) ljṹ 隆窿long lyū 硫旒柳瀏溜liu lyw 笠粒li (ljū/ljō) ljṹ 龍long (ljū/lu) lyū 流琉劉綹留瘤翏liu |
(ljō) ljỡ 崚leng lyỗ 倆lia 良亮椋涼諒量兩輛梁liang lyö 了尞寮瞭僚遼療燎鐐料寥liao lyỡ 夌凌陵菱領ling lyơv 巤lie (ljō/lefu) lyơv 獵lie (ljō/lō) ljỡ 稜leng lyỗ 糧liang |
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+k | (ljak) lyak 略lu:e (ljak/ljō) lyak 掠lu:e |
(ljok/liki) lyøk 力li (ljok/lok) lyok 緑lu: |
WA | WO | ||||
(wa) ẉa 話hua (wa/i) wa 倭wo (wa/o) ẉa 和he |
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+i | (wai) wåi 猥wei ẉåi 賄hui (wai/ai) wai 矮ai (wai/e) wai 歪wai wåi 隈wei |
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+k | (wak) ẉak 惑huo (wak/kjak) ẉăk 蒦huo (wak/kok) ẉak 或huo |
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+n | (wan) wan 碗腕剜彎灣wan |